1）Summary
The article refers to political globalisation, which involves an approach to the social world that emphasises post-national and transnational processes and an awareness of the compressed nature of space and time.
The article mentions that political globalisation can be understood as a tension between three processes that interact to produce a complex field of global politics: global geopolitics, global normative culture and polycentric networks. One of the articles on global normative culture mentions that due to the development of the Internet, the global dissemination of information and popular culture, the scope of political communication is also global and no longer confined to national borders. National politics is increasingly framed within the framework of global discourse. The state was once the primary enforcer of global norms, but today a global normative culture exists that transcends the national system and is in a tension with the state. This global normative culture provides normative reference points for the state and direction for political actors. For the first time in history, a global culture has emerged that provides a frame of reference for all societies.
The article refers to three dynamics of political globalisation: the transformation of nationality and citizenship, the public sphere and political exchange, civil society, and space and borders. With regard to the transformation of space and borders, the article mentions that the image of a "world without borders" has long been associated with thinking about globalisation. The power of global processes to transcend borders, to bridge distances and to unite in global catastrophes has provided a powerful set of metaphors for the literature of globalisation: the 'global village'. Yet we are increasingly aware that the size of an increasingly interconnected world is shrinking or being squeezed. At the same time, the frictionless flows and unrestricted mobility constituted by globalisation are widely perceived as a threat to the nation-state.
2)Interesting items learned
I think the interesting part of the article is the author's definition of political globalisation, which is referred to in the article as involving a social world approach that emphasises post-national and transnational processes and an awareness of the compressed nature of space and time. There is also the section on global normative culture in the three processes of political globalisation and the section on spatial and border shifts in the article which mentions that political globalisation has three dynamics.In the next section I will talk about my understanding.
3)Discussion
The article refers to political globalisation, which involves an approach to the social world that emphasises post-national and transnational processes and an awareness of the compressed nature of space and time. For some, the process of political globalisation opens up new possibilities for emancipation, while for others it leads to a loss of autonomy and the fragmentation of the social world. Political globalisation is the rise in importance of international organisations in political life, with national decisions increasingly influenced by transnational and trans-regional organisations. Political globalisation does not mean the creation of a "world government", but rather the strengthening of exchanges between different countries, the forging of consensus and the formation of synergies to address global problems together, based on the common good, and the commitment to achieve lasting peace and prosperity in the world.
The article on global normative culture mentions that due to the development of the Internet, the global spread of information and popular culture, the scope of political communication is also global and no longer confined to national borders. National politics is increasingly framed within the framework of global discourse. The state was once the primary enforcer of global norms, but today a global normative culture exists that transcends the national system and is in a tension with the state.
I argue that as the industrialisation of culture and the process of globalisation unfolded, cultural products were gradually integrated into general industrial products and commercial services in the context of global flows and the logic of commerce. Cultural industry activity is not only an economic and cultural activity but also a mechanism for exerting influence as cultural meanings influence power relations and participate in power games between nation states. The development and exchange of cultural industries forms an important point of reference for the globalisation of the collective consciousness through which politics can operate, and thus tends to create a cultural geopolitics across borders. If geopolitics is about the influence of politics through geographical space, cultural geopolitics refers to the role of politics through the geographical space formed by culture across borders.
The image of a 'world without borders', mentioned in the article on the transformation of space and borders, has always been associated with the reflection on globalisation. The power of global processes to transcend borders, to bridge distances and to unite in global catastrophes provides a powerful set of metaphors for the literature of globalisation: the 'global village'; 'world policy'; the 'fragile planet'. ". Yet we are increasingly aware that the size of an increasingly interconnected world is shrinking or being squeezed. At the same time, the frictionless flows and unrestricted mobility constituted by globalisation are widely perceived as a threat to the nation state. The main manifestations of political globalisation are: transnational political actors, the emergence of global governance, the development of global civil society, international mechanisms and political globalisation. The impact of political globalisation on national sovereignty: In the process of political globalisation, the importance of the state in international affairs has declined accordingly. The reason for this is that global issues nowadays break through geographical boundaries and can have a somewhat weaker impact on the level of the state's exercise of governing power. Individual countries may be influenced by international organisations in the formulation of their domestic policies, which affects national governance and in effect weakens the sovereignty of the state. With the development of political globalisation, global governance patterns often see large countries regulating small countries. In many international or multilateral organisations, power is unevenly distributed, with the more powerful developed countries often assuming control and the decisions made by the organisation often becoming norms imposed on the weaker countries by the stronger ones.
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